Just like cars, aircraft have evolved from relatively simple machines to highly complex systems with advanced electrical systems. As the electrical power needs of aircraft have increased, more focus has been placed on power generation. After all, power is ultimately generated by burning aviation fuel, and keeping fuel burn as efficient as possible to lower operating costs is a key objective of airlines in order for them to remain competitive.
Aircraft power is typically created using an engine driven generator. Traditionally, integrated drive generators (IDG) have been used to turn a varying engine speed into a steady 400 Hz electrical signal. In contrast, variable speed generators (VSG) don’t require mechanical speed conditioning systems. They are linked directly to the engine shaft and thus there is a direct relationship between engine speed and output frequency (typically 380 – 740 Hz).
The frequency variation in power supply can result in more expensive motor controllers, engine redesign and alteration to accommodate the VFG, and additional heat exchanging systems. However, the advantages of a VSG is their smaller size, lower weight and cost, and the fact that they can generate power more efficiently than IDGs. The benefits are significant enough that the latest aircraft are switching to them. For example, on the Boeing 787, estimates are that the removal of the hundreds of pounds of extra ducting for bleed air (required for IDGs), and its corresponding effect on lowering thrust efficiency, will reduce fuel burn while cruising by 1 to 2%.